태국 버마 국경 상황의 간략한 역사 - A brief history of the Thailand Burma border situation

 

 

 

 

태국 버마 국경 상황의 간략한 역사

다음 지도는 1984년 이후 태국/버마 국경 상황이 어떻게 전개되었는지 보여줍니다.

1. 1984년: 최초의 난민

1984년에 국경은 주로 원주민 민족의 통제하에 있었습니다. 버마 정부/군은 북쪽의 Tachilek, 중앙의 Myawaddy, 남쪽의 Kawthaung에 세 개의 주요 접근 지점만을 가지고 있었습니다. 어두운 국경 지역은 버마 정부의 직접 통제를 받거나 버마 군대가 점령한 적이 없습니다. 이 지역은 사실상의 자치 국가를 수립한 소수 민족, 주로 Shan, Karenni, Karen 및 Mon에 의해 통제되었습니다. 민족적 국적에 대한 저항은 도식적으로 옅은 색으로 표현된 훨씬 더 넓은 지역에 걸쳐 영향력과 접근권을 갖고 있었습니다. 그들은 태국과 버마 사이의 상당한 암시장 거래에 대한 세금을 인상하고 이 세금을 그들의 통치 시스템, 군대 및 일부 사회 서비스 비용을 지불하는 데 사용했습니다.

카렌 국민 연합(KNU)은 35년 동안 반란을 일으켰으며 1970년대 중반 이후 점점 더 태국 국경으로 밀려났습니다. 몇 년 동안 건기 공세로 인해 일시적으로 난민들이 태국으로 파견되어 버마군이 철수하는 우기에만 돌아왔습니다. 그러나 1984년에 버마인들은 대대적인 공세를 시작하여 딱 지방 반대편의 카렌 전선을 돌파하여 약 10,000명의 난민을 태국으로 보냈습니다. 이번에 버마군은 최전선 위치를 유지할 수 있었고 우기에도 철수하지 않았습니다. 난민들은 태국에 남아 있었습니다.


2. 1984~1994년: 공격받는 국경

다음 10년 동안 버마군은 연례 건기 공세를 시작하여 새로운 지역을 장악하고 보급로를 건설하며 새로운 기지를 건설했습니다. 영토가 상실됨에 따라 새로운 난민이 태국으로 도망쳤고, 1994년에는 그 수가 약 80,000명으로 늘어났습니다.


3. 1988년과 1990년 민주화운동

1988년 버마 국민은 수백만 명이 참가한 대규모 시위에 참여하여 군사 정권에 맞서 봉기했습니다. 학생들과 승려들이 중요한 역할을 했고, 아웅산 수치 여사가 카리스마 넘치는 지도자로 등장했습니다. 봉기는 9월 18일 군대에 의해 진압되었고 수천 명이 거리에서 사망했습니다. 약 10,000명의 '학생' 활동가들이 태국/버마 국경으로 도망쳤고 민족 운동과 민주화 운동 사이에 최초의 동맹이 맺어졌습니다. Manerplaw에 있는 KNU 본부에 사무실이 설립되었고 국경을 따라 30개 이상의 소규모 '학생' 캠프가 설립되었습니다. 그러나 '학생' 수는 1989년까지 약 3,000명으로 감소했습니다. 1990년 주법질서복원위원회(SLORC)는 아웅산 수지가 이끄는 민족민주동맹(NLD)이 압도적인 승리를 거둔 총선. NLD는 권력을 잡는 것이 허용되지 않았고 선출된 의원들은 투옥되거나 위협을 받았습니다. 일부는 망명 정부를 구성하기 위해 국경으로 도망갔고, Manerplaw에서 민족적/민주적 야당 동맹을 더욱 강화했습니다.

 

 

4. 1995년 1월: Manerplaw의 몰락

1995년 1월, 분리된 민주 카렌 불교 협회(DKBA)의 도움으로 버마군은 Manerplaw를 공격하고 압도했는데, 이는 KNU와 모든 민주적 민족적 동맹에 큰 타격을 입혔습니다.


5. 1995년~1997년: 버퍼 폭포

KNU가 재편성을 시도하자 버마군은 모에이 강을 따라 있는 다른 모든 기지를 점령하여 국경의 이 중요한 중앙 구역을 장악했습니다. 1995년 SLORC는 Karenni National Progressive Party(KNPP)와의 단기 휴전 협정을 파기했고 1996년에는 유사하게 SLORC의 모든 기지를 점령했습니다. 그리고 같은 해에 Shan 저항군의 지도자인 Khun Sa는 SLORC와 계약을 맺어 Shan 저항을 마비시키고 버마군이 치앙마이와 치앙라이 지방 반대편 국경에 효과적으로 접근할 수 있도록 허용했습니다. 마침내 1997년에 버마군은 대대적인 건기 공격을 시작하여 카렌이 통제하는 나머지 영토를 남쪽으로 Prachuap Khiri Kan까지 압도했습니다. 짧은 3년 만에 버마군은 사실상 국경 전체를 압도했습니다. 역사상 처음으로 그들은 이제 이에 대한 접근과 통제가 미약했습니다. 민족들은 더 이상 중요한 영토를 통제하지 못했으며 난민의 수는 약 115,000명으로 늘어났습니다. 나머지 '학생' 캠프는 이제 모두 강제로 태국으로 이주해야 했으며, 이들 중 대부분은 민족 난민 캠프에 통합되었습니다.


6. 1996년 이후 강제 마을 이전

버마 군대가 이전 민족 영토를 장악하기 시작하자 주민들을 군사적 통제하에 두고 민족 저항을 제거하기 위한 대규모 마을 이전 계획을 시작했습니다. 지도에는 버마군이 마을 주민들을 강제 이주시킨 광대한 지역이 표시되어 있습니다. 소수민족 CBO가 실시하고 TBBC가 편집한 연구에 따르면, 1996년 이후 최소 3,000개의 소수민족 마을이 파괴되어 백만 명이 넘는 사람들에게 영향을 미쳤습니다. 아마도 300,000명이 넘는 사람들이 난민으로 태국으로 도망쳤을 것입니다. (대다수는 Shan족이고 태국 정부가 인정하지 않습니다.) TBBC는 2006년에도 태국과 국경을 접한 동부 주와 버마 지역에 보수적으로 약 500,000명의 IDP가 있다고 추정합니다. 여기에는 자유사격 지역에 최소 95,000명, 휴전 지역에 287,000명(월 재정착 지역에 11,000명 포함), 118,000명이 포함됩니다. 이전 사이트. 한편 국경난민캠프의 인구는 2007년 약 156,000명으로 증가했습니다.

[개정: 10월 7일]

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1. 1984년: 최초의 난민 2. 1984년~1994년: 공격을 받는 국경 3. 1988년과 1990년: 민주화 운동 4. 1995년 1월: Manerplaw의 몰락 5. 1995년 ~ 1997년: 완충 장치의 붕괴 6. 1996년 이후 강제 마을 이전 TBBC 현장 사무소 - Ban Mai Nai Soi 캠프(사이트 1) - Ban Mae Surin 캠프(사이트 2) - Wieng Heng 캠프 TBBC 현장 사무소 - Mae La Oon 캠프(사이트 3) - Mae Ra Ma Luang(사이트 4) TBBC 현장 사무소 - Mae La 캠프 - Umpiem 캠프 - Nu Po 캠프 TBBC 현장 사무소 - Ban Don Yang 캠프 - Halochanee, Bee Ree 및 Tavoy 캠프 - Tham Hin 캠프 연혁 회원 기부자 직원 공석 전략 식량 안보 조리 연료/스토브 건축 자재 의류 침구 긴급 재고 조달 /배포 품질 관리/모니터링 보호 태국 지원 캠프 위치 캠프 관리 국경 역사 캠프 인구 매홍손 지역 매사리앙 지역 매솟 지역 상클라부리 지역 개요 국경 상태 취약성 대처 전략 보호 지도실 TBBC 보고서 TBBC 평가 TBBC 매뉴얼 CCSDPT KRC/KnRC 도서 언어 과정 다큐멘터리 사진 라이브러리 비디오 라이브러리 개요 입찰 일정 현재 입찰 계약 체결 TBBC 웹 사이트 검색 태국 버마 국경 관련 링크 신용 카드 또는 수표로 기부 TBBC 선물 아이디어 개요 식품 바구니 영양 식량 안보 대피소 비식품 품목 커뮤니티 TBBC 우편 주소 및 이메일 주소 버마어 자료

 

 

 

A brief history of the Thailand Burma border situation

 

The following maps illustrate how the situation on the Thai/Burmese border has developed since 1984.

 

1. 1984: The First Refugees

 

In 1984 the border was predominately under the control of the indigenous ethnic nationalities. The Burmese Government/ Army had only three main access points at Tachilek in the North, Myawaddy in the centre and Kawthaung in the South. The dark-shaded border areas had never been under the direct control of the Burmese Government or occupied by the Burmese Army. These areas were controlled by the ethnic nationalities themselves, predominantly Shan, Karenni, Karen and Mon, who had established de facto autonomous states. The ethnic nationality resistance had influence and access over a much wider area represented diagrammatically in the pale shade. They raised taxes on substantial black market trade between Thailand and Burma and used these taxes to pay for their governing systems, their armies and some social services.

 

The Karen National Union (KNU) had been in rebellion for 35 years and since the mid-1970s had been increasingly being pushed back towards the Thai border. For several years dry season offensives had sent refugees temporarily into Thailand only to return in the rainy season when the Burmese Army withdrew. But in 1984 the Burmese launched a major offensive, which broke through the Karen front lines opposite Tak province, sending about 10,000 refugees into Thailand. This time the Burmese Army was able to maintain its front-line positions and did not withdraw in the rainy season. The refugees remained in Thailand.

 

 

2. 1984 to 1994: The Border under Attack

 

Over the next ten years the Burmese Army launched annual dry season offensives, taking control of new areas, building supply routes and establishing new bases. As territory was lost new refugees fled to Thailand, increasing to about 80,000 by 1994.

 

 

3. 1988 and 1990 Democracy Movements

In 1988 the people of Burma rose up against the military regime with millions taking part in mass demonstrations. Students and monks played prominent roles and Aung San Suu Kyi emerged as their charismatic leader. The uprising was crushed by the army on 18th September with thousands killed on the streets. Around 10,000 ‘student’ activists fled to the Thailand/ Burma border and the first alliances were made between ethnic and pro-democracy movements. Offices were established at the KNU headquarters at Manerplaw and over 30 small ‘student’ camps were established along the border, although the number of ‘students’ declined to around 3,000 by 1989. In 1990 the State Law Order and Restoration Council (SLORC) conducted a General Election which was overwhelmingly won by Aung San Suu Kyi’s National League for Democracy (NLD). The NLD was not allowed to take power and elected MPs were imprisoned or intimidated. Some fled to the border to form a Government in exile, further strengthening the ethnic/ democratic opposition alliances at Manerplaw.

 

 

4. January 1995: The Fall of Manerplaw

 

In January 1995, with the assistance of the breakaway Democratic Karen Buddhist Association (DKBA), the Burmese Army attacked and overran Manerplaw, a major blow for both the KNU and all the democratic and ethnic alliances.

 

 

5. 1995 to 1997: The Buffer Falls

 

As the KNU attempted to re-group, the Burmese Army overran all their other bases along the Moei River, taking control of this important central section of the border. In 1995 SLORC broke a short-lived cease-fire agreement with the Karenni National Progressive Party (KNPP) and in 1996 similarly overran all of their bases. And in the same year, Khun Sa, leader of the Shan resistance made a deal with SLORC which paralysed the Shan resistance and effectively allowed the Burmese Army access to the border opposite Chiang Mai and Chiang Rai provinces. Finally, in 1997, the Burmese Army launched a huge dry season offensive, over-running the remainder of Karen controlled territory all the way south to Prachuap Khiri Kan. In three short years the Burmese army had effectively overrun the entire border which, for the first time in history, they now had tenuous access to and control over. The ethnic nationalities no longer controlled any significant territory and the number of refugees had increased to around 115,000. The remaining ‘student’ camps had by now all been forced to move into Thailand and most of their numbers were integrated into the ethnic refugee camps.

 

 

6. Forced Village Relocations since 1996

 

Once the Burmese Army began taking control of former ethnic territory it launched a massive village relocation plan aimed at bringing the population under military control and eliminating the ethnic resistance. The map shows vast areas where the Burmese Army has forced villagers to relocate. According to studies conducted by ethnic CBOs and compiled by TBBC, at least 3,000 ethnic villages have been destroyed since 1996 affecting over one million people. Probably more than 300,000 have fled to Thailand as refugees (the majority being Shan and not recognised by the Thai government). TBBC estimates that in 2006 there were conservatively still some 500,000 IDPs in the Eastern states and divisions of Burma bordering Thailand, including at least 95,000 in free-fire areas, 287,000 in cease-fire areas (including 11,000 in Mon Resettlement sites) and 118,000 in relocation sites. Meanwhile the population in the border refugee camps has increased to around 156,000 in 2007.

 

[Rev: Oct 07]

 

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1. 1984: The first refugees 2. 1984 to 1994: The border under attack 3. 1988 and 1990: Democracy movements 4. January 1995: The fall of Manerplaw 5. 1995 to 1997: The buffer falls 6. Forced village relocations since 1996 TBBC field office - Ban Mai Nai Soi camp (Site 1) - Ban Mae Surin camp (Site 2) - Wieng Heng camp TBBC field office - Mae La Oon Camp (Site 3) - Mae Ra Ma Luang (Site 4) TBBC field office - Mae La camp - Umpiem camp - Nu Po camp TBBC field office - Ban Don Yang camp - Halochanee, Bee Ree & Tavoy camps - Tham Hin camp History Members Donors Staff Vacancies Strategies Food security Cooking fuel/stoves Building materials Clothing Bedding Emergency stock Procurement/Distribution Quality control/monitoring Protection Thai assistance Camp locations Camp management Border history Camp populations Mae Hong Son area Mae Sariang area Mae Sot area Sangkhlaburi area Overview Border states Vulnerability Coping strategies Protection Map room TBBC reports TBBC evaluations TBBC manuals CCSDPT KRC/KnRC Books Language courses Documentaries Photo library Video library Overview Tendering schedule Current tenders Contracts awarded Search TBBC website Links related to Thailand Burma border Donate by credit card or cheque TBBC gift ideas Overview The food basket Nutrition Food security Shelter Non-food items Communities TBBC's postal and email addresses แหล่งข้อมูล Resources in Burmese